EH#4: Understanding the LPDDR4 SDRAM memory for mobile, automotive and embedded system applications.
EH#4: Understanding the LPDDR4 SDRAM memory for mobile, automotive and embedded system applications.
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MIPI CSI-2 (Camera Serial Interface 2): Used for interfacing cameras with host processors. It enables high-speed image data transfer from camera sensors to processors.
MIPI DSI (Display Serial Interface): Used for connecting displays to host processors, allowing for efficient and high-speed data transfer to display panels.
MIPI I3C (Improved Inter Integrated Circuit): A communication interface that combines the best features of I2C and SPI, designed for connecting sensors and other peripherals.
MIPI C-PHY and D-PHY: Physical layer standards that provide high-speed data transfer capabilities. C-PHY uses a three-phase encoding scheme, while D-PHY uses a differential signaling scheme. MIPI C-PHY and MIPI D-PHY are physical layer (PHY) standards defined by the MIPI Alliance. These specify how bits are physically transmitted over wires, especially for MIPI CSI-2 (camera interface) and MIPI DSI-2 (display interface). They differ in signaling method, performance, and pin efficiency.
https://mixel.com/mipi-c-phy-d-phy-overview-jp/ |
MIPI UniPro (Unified Protocol): A transport layer protocol designed for high-speed data communication between integrated circuits within a device.
MIPI SLIMbus (Serial Low-power Inter-chip Media Bus): A standard for transporting audio and control data between components.
MIPI (Mobile Industry Processor Interface) standards are designed to meet the specific needs of mobile and other low-power, high-performance applications.
Comparing MIPI with existing protocols like USB and UART highlights its unique advantages and use cases.
For a detailed explanation on this topic, you can watch the video on YouTube.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard designed for connecting peripherals to a host computer. It is widely used for its simplicity and versatility.
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) is a protocol used for asynchronous serial communication between devices.
DVP (Digital Video Port) is an interface primarily used for transmitting video data from camera modules to processing units like microcontrollers or processors. It is a parallel interface, which means it transmits multiple bits of data simultaneously across multiple lines.
LVDS is a high-speed, low-power digital signaling standard that transmits data over differential pairs.
Type: Differential digital signaling
Voltage: ~350 mV swing
Speed: Up to 3 Gbps (varies)
Use Case: LCD panels, camera modules, internal chip-to-chip links
Advantages:
Low power consumption
High noise immunity
Minimal electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Typical Applications:
FPD-Link (Flat Panel Display Link), Camera Serial Interface (CSI), Display Serial Interface (DSI)
SLVS is a more advanced differential interface used for very high-speed applications, particularly where LVDS falls short.
Type: High-speed serial differential signaling
Voltage: ~200 mV
Speed: >5 Gbps per lane
Use Case: CMOS image sensors, high-resolution cameras, industrial vision
Advantages:
Higher speed than LVDS
Lower power per bit
Excellent signal integrity
FPD, particularly FPD-Link, refers to a family of interfaces designed for connecting display controllers to panels.
Type: LVDS-based (often)
Variants:
FPD-Link I/II: Legacy LVDS connections
FPD-Link III: High-speed video/audio/control over single coax or STP
Use Case: Automotive infotainment systems, industrial monitors
Advantages:
Supports video, audio, and control in one cable
Highly robust against interference
CVBS is an analog video signal that combines all image components into a single line — a standard for legacy video systems.
Type: Analog, single-ended
Resolution: Standard Definition (480i / 576i)
Use Case: CCTV, analog TVs, VCRs
Signal: Combines luminance, chrominance, and sync
Advantages:
Simple wiring
Broad compatibility
Disadvantages:
Susceptible to noise
Poor image quality compared to digital standards
SSI is a digital interface used in industrial control systems, particularly for absolute encoders.
Type: Synchronous, half-duplex
Signals: Clock (CLK), Data (DATA)
Use Case: Motion control, servo drives, encoders in automation
Advantages:
Noise-immune (often RS-422 differential)
Deterministic communication (critical for control loops)
Speed: Moderate (~100 kHz–1 MHz), not meant for high-throughput
SPI is a widely used full-duplex synchronous protocol used to communicate between microcontrollers and peripherals.
Type: Full-duplex serial communication
Signals: SCLK, MOSI, MISO, SS
Use Case: Flash memory, sensors, ADC/DAC, displays
Advantages:
Fast and simple
Multi-slave support with chip-select lines
Disadvantages:
No built-in error checking
Point-to-point; limited bus length
SD (Secure Digital) is a memory-specific interface designed for data storage.
Purpose: Mass storage (memory cards)
Bus Type: Serial (1-bit or 4-bit modes)
Voltage: 3.3V (standard), 1.8V (UHS modes)
Speed Classes:
Standard SD: Up to 25 MB/s
SDHC, SDXC: Up to 104 MB/s (UHS-I), >300 MB/s (UHS-II/III)
Use Cases:
Cameras, smartphones, embedded Linux boards
File-based storage (FAT32, exFAT)
✅ Typical Feature: Supports only memory devices
SDIO (Secure Digital Input Output) extends the SD interface to support non-storage devices, effectively acting as a high-speed serial bus for peripherals.
Purpose: Interface for I/O peripherals (not storage)
Examples:
Wi-Fi / Bluetooth modules
GPS receivers
Barcode scanners
Bus Type: Same as SD (1-bit or 4-bit serial)
Speed: Same as SD (depends on mode), up to 50–100 Mbps typical
Mode: Can support Interrupts, Direct Memory Access (DMA)
✅ Bonus: Some SDIO devices support memory + I/O combo (e.g., Wi-Fi with onboard flash)
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Type : Short-range wireless communication (RF, 13.56 MHz)
Signals : No direct signals; operates via magnetic field coupling
Use Case : Contactless payments, access control, pairing, asset tagging
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Advantages:
• Very low power (supports passive tags)
• Secure short-range operation
• Peer-to-peer and card emulation modes
Disadvantages:
• Very short range (<10 cm)
• Low data rates (max ~424 kbps)
• Limited to small data transfers
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